Essential Ingredients for Survival

 

Everyone poops!

There is that old saying:

 

“If you don’t poop, you die!”

 

Poop is usually excreted as a waste, but some animals actively re-ingest their poo in a practice called coprophagy.

In this respect, the koala is in a league of their own and goes to great trouble to make this happen for the young.  There are actually two processes in the animal kingdom.  Coprophagy which is when animals in particular young animals eat their droppings and caecotrophy.

 

The act of eating cecotropes, which are small, dark, smelly, sticky, and soft balls of nutrition that come from the caecum.  This process colonizes young animals with the bacteria they need to digest food properly.

 

Eating Poo

Coprophagy, from the Greek “to eat dung,” is common in many rodents, including rabbits, mice, rats, guinea pigs, and other mammals and birds. Coprophagy is normally practiced by certain animal species either in a fairly systematic way (rat, pig, etc.), or temporarily (a mother dog consuming the droppings of her puppies), or in a pathological situation (dog, horse, etc.).

 

While we may think of it as disgusting, it serves a valuable function: It colonizes the lower gut with essential bacteria (‘bugs’) to aid in digestion or to regain valuable nutrients in a situation of nutritional deficiency. Some of you may have had puppies that also eat their own, this is usually a behavioral thing. They see their mother doing it and for the early part of their life, figure that is what you do.

 

Caecotrophy is a specialised form of coprophagy.  Often called night pellets or soft pellets,  several types of animals such as rabbits and guinea pigs for example, produce softer forms of droppings that are eaten.  These softer forms allow food to be reprocessed through the digestive tract allowing greater untilisation of nutrients and maintaining their gut flora.

 

The Koala’s ‘Magic Sauce’

As you probably know, i  studied koala digestion for almost five years. They have a unique process to ensure that their young joeys are equipped with bacteria to help them digest their inhospitable diet of Eucalyptus leaves.  This is a highly specialised process of the Caecotrophy.

 

You can read more about “My Life with Koalas” in a series of articles that are in the archive.

Mother koalas  produces a poo-like substance called ‘pap’, which assists the joeys in transitioning from a milk diet to solid Eucalyptus leaves.

 

How this happens is calculated and almost ceremonial!

 

At about 5 -6 months of age, joeys are ready to leave the pouch and start eating solid food. Although still not completely understood; the joey stimulates the anal region of the mother, who then starts to go to the toilet and expels her poo. Koala poo is extremely dry and hard pellets.

As they don’t drink, they need to conserve all their water.

 

After about 45 minutes, the consistency of their poo changes and becomes like a green/brown jelly-like sauce (the ‘magic sauce or pap’). This is eaten by the joey for an hour or more.  Scientists have now shown that the transition is a deliberate and planned act by the mother. In fact, a mother producing pap goes into an almost trance-like state.

 

Bugs in the cecum of the koala. Author’s own image_1981And the Reason Is?

And the Reason Is?

This deliberate process can occur several times over a week or more. It transfers essential bacteria from the koala’s cecum.

When I studied koalas, I was lucky enough to compare the bacterial content of a young joey that had just started on ‘pap’ with the contents of the mother’s cecum. I found there were many similarities in the types of bacteria.

 

Subsequent work has shown that many of these bacteria actively break down tannins, a prominent component of the leaves. This digestion occurs in the koala’s extraordinarily long cecum, which is over 2 meters long.Although coprophagy is common in many wild animals and birds, what makes the koala unique is that there is a physical change in what is eaten from normal poo to pap.

 

Baby elephants have been filmed eating freshly produced dung from their mother and many wild primates also do this. While we may think this is a disgusting practice, it is vital for the well-being of many young animals.

 

The special process with koalas and their magic sauce, only adds to their list of unique features.

 

Till next time,

Calvin

[Originally published in Simply Wild. All rights reserved Calvin London 2024.]